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Basic pathology and immunology
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Basic pathology and immunology
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Academic year 2020/2021
- Course ID
- SCB0205
- Teaching staff
- Prof.ssa Federica Cavallo (Lecturer)
Prof. Fiorella Biasi (Lecturer)
Dott. Paola Francesca Gamba (Lecturer)
Prof.ssa Gabriella Marisa Leonarduzzi (Lecturer) - Year
- 2nd year
- Teaching period
- First semester
- Type
- Basic
- Credits/Recognition
- 10
- Course disciplinary sector (SSD)
- MED/04 - patologia generale
- Delivery
- E-learning
- Language
- English
- Attendance
- Mandatory
- Type of examination
- Written and oral
- Prerequisites
- Having a solid background on the basis of genetics and biology.
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Sommario del corso
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Course objectives
The course will be divided into two main subjects: Immunology and Basic Pathology
Immunology objectives: An understanding of the immune system is central to the understanding of how the body interacts with its surroundings, and how it both protects itself and responds to infectious disease. The course leads the student through both innate and adaptive immunity, how infection is detected, and how the cells of the immune system interact to generate a response. The mechanisms underlying allergy and hypersensitivity and the immune response to tumors are also provided. The aim is to provide the understanding of the essential aspects of immunity required to understand immunological diseases, investigations and treatment.
General Pathology objectives: this part of the course will provide molecular basis for understanding causes, mechanisms and evolution of human diseases. Main processes such as necrosis, inflammation and tissue degeneration, which are fundamental for understanding disease development and progression, will be considered. A group of lessons will be dedicated to ONCOLOGY for understanding biomolecular mechanisms involved in tumor development and growth, as well as becoming familiar with tumor nomenclature and classification.
BASIC IMMUNOLOGY MODULE:
The students must register on the Moodle course Basic Immunology at
https://biotec.i-learn.unito.it/course/view.php?id=239
The lectures and "learning insights" will be made available on that site.
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Results of learning outcomes
Students will achieve knowledge on fundamental mechanisms of damage and recognizing disease processes regarding the impairment of tissue homeostasis, immune responses, cancer development and progression.
In particular, regarding immune response: the students will have to understand the main cellular and molecular mechanisms by which the immune system contributes to the prevention, healing, and its interplay with cellular and tissue responses that can lead to disease development in human pathology.
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Course delivery
The course mainly consists of lectures associated with exercise activities.
For the first semester 2020-2021 the course will be online.
General Pathology module will be provided either through lessons in streaming (on Webex platform) or audio-slides. In both cases lessons will be uploaded on the Moodle platform.
- Exercises for Basic Pathology: in order to clarify principal lesson topics, exercises/quizzes and deepening lectures will be provided online through Webex platform as scheduled: exercise activities will consist of microscopic visualization of pathological tissue specimens. Active discussion, quizzies and seminars will be provided in order to give deep information and improve the topics of the lessons (You will receive a Webex invitation to take part to the lessons or exercises in streaming).
For the Basic Immunology module, exercises (multiple-choice, true-false, and matching questions; immunology-based problems and case studies) will be proposed to the students to test their understanding of the topic covered during the lectures. In addition, some "Learning insights" will be proposed on Vaccines, Autoimmunity, Immunodeficiency, and Tumor Immunology.
BASIC IMMUNOLOGY MODULE:
The students must register on the Moodle course Basic Immunology at
https://biotec.i-learn.unito.it/course/view.php?id=239
The lectures and "learning insights" will be made available on that site.
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Learning assessment methods
Basic Immunology module: written test (Moodle platform; WebEx virtual room). It will last 30 minutes and include 33 (multiple-choice, true/false, matching) questions. For each correctly answered question, +1; for blank or incorrectly answered questions, 0. A total score of >30.5 points will correspond to 30 cum laude. Students enrolled for the test on Esse3 will be invited by an email to register on the Moodle course "Basic Immunology - Exam" (https://biotec.i-learn.unito.it/course/view.php?id=219; password basicimmunol). A second email will follow with indication of the day, hour, and WebEx link for the exam. On that day/hour, once connected to WebEx, students will be invited to open the Moodle course “basic Immunology – Exam” where they will find the test.
General Pathology module: oral exam (WebEx virtual room); the exam consists in 2-3 questions. Students will be invited by an email in which information on scheduled day and hour, and WebEx link, where students can access to the virtual room, will be given. Oral exams are public, so students who want to listen the exam can connect to the virtual room.
The final mark (expressed in thirtieths) will be the weighted media between Basic Immunology module (4 CFU) and General Pathology module (6 CFU): [(Immunology mark x4) + (Pathology mark x 6)]/10.
The mark of each module can be preserved only for the next exam date.
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Support activities
General Pathology - Students with disabilities that may affect learning are encouraged to contact the lecturers to adapt learning materials, activities and testing methods.
Basic Immunology - For those that show gross deficiencies in the prerequisites, support is offered individually or in small groups outside lesson. Updated reviews (mainly from Nature Reviews Immunology) on topics covered in class will be provided for those students that want to deepen their knowledge in the field.
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Program
GENERAL PATHOLOGY
- Tissue damage: adaptation conditions (hypertrophy, hyperplasia, atrophy, regression, metaplasia, dysplasia)
- Cell death: morphological, biochemical and molecular aspects of necrosis and apoptosis. The role of cellular redox balance
- Acute inflammation (Angiophlogosis): structure and function of the blood microvascular system. Exudate formation
- Inflammatory mediators: fluid phase mediators and cellular mediators
- Chronic inflammation (Histophlogosis): Classification and mechanism of formation of different unspecific and specific (granulomas) types of chronic inflammation
- Wound healing: tissue regeneration and reintegration
- Environmental causes of damage: physical (extreme temperatures and pressures; ionizing and non-ionizing radiation) and chemical factors
- Fever: causes, mechanisms, stages and classification
- Degenerative processes: thesaurismoses by lysosomal enzyme deficit, alcoholic and non-alcoholic steatosis, fibrosis and sclerosis, hepatic cirrhosis
- Oncology:
- Definition of neoplasia. The neoplastic multiphasic process
- Normal and neoplastic proliferation - Oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes
- Cancer growth and invasiveness: molecular mechanisms of tumor infiltration and angiogenesis
- Tumor metastases - principal routes of cancer spreading
- Epidemiology and classification of tumors. Tumor grading and staging
- Cancer etiology: chemical, physical, biological and genetic causes
- Inflammation and cancer. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition
- Tumor cachexia
- Hereditary cancers
IMMUNOLOGY
- Overview of the immune system
- The natural immune response. The pattern recognition receptors and their ligands.
- The cytokine network.
- The complement system: activation and effector functions
- The Major Histocompatibility Complex: genomic organization and polimorfisms. Antigen presentation to T cells.
- Cells of the adaptive immune response.
- The T cell receptor. Thymic education and antigen recognition by T cells. T cell activation and effector mechanisms.
- B cells. The generation of antibodies diversity. T and B cell cooperation. Antibody production. AID and its role in class switching and somatic hypermutation. Molecular structure and effector functions of antibodies.
- Functional anatomy of the immune system
- Self-tolerance and tolerance induction to exogenous antigens.
- Hypersensitivity and Autoimmunity.
- Basic concepts in tumor immunology and immunotherapy.
Suggested readings and bibliography
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Basic Immunology
- Janeway's Immunobiology, Ninth edition, K Murphy, Garland Science;
- The Immune System, Fourth Edition, P Parham, Garland Science.
General Pathology
- Robbins & Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease, 9th Edition, Vinay Kumar, Abul Abbas, Jon Aster, Elsevier Ed.
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Note
For the BASIC IMMUNOLOGY MODULE only:
The students must register on the Moodle course Basic Immunology at
https://biotec.i-learn.unito.it/course/view.php?id=239
The lectures and "learning insights" will be made available on that site.
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Moduli didattici
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